Digital Replica and Twin Systems for Cyber-Physical Power Systems: Technology Development and Foresight

Abstract

 Digital Twin (DT) technology is emerging as a transformative force in the modernization of cyber-physical systems (CPSs), enabling seamless integration between physical infrastructure and its virtual counterpart. This paper presents a comprehensive review of DT concepts, historical evolution, and enabling technologies—such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and cyber-physical systems to support real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and system optimization. The paper begins with foundational frameworks for modelling digital replica modules and cooperative operation as twin systems. It discusses the application of DTs in improving monitoring, control, system resilience, network integration, component tuning, and managing decentralized edge-based cyber-physical systems is explored in depth. The paper draws attention towards the applicability of digital replica and twin system technology in the power grid as an evolving cyber-physical system. It also includes key challenges like data accuracy, communication latency, and system interoperability in terms of digital twin operation and management.